The Constitution of India (Calligraphic Edition). O ne of 1,000 photolithographic reproductions of the Constitution of the Republic of India, original of which is kept in a special helium-filled case in the Library of the Parliament of India. The illustrations represent styles from the different civilizations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda.
It was illuminated by Nandalal Bose and other artists.
Original text of the Original title भारतीय संविधान (: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna ) Jurisdiction 26 November 1949; 69 years ago ( 1949-11-26) 26 January 1950; 68 years ago ( 1950-01-26) Constitutional parliamentary socialist secular republic Three (executive, legislature and judiciary) -led cabinet responsible to the of the, and Unitary (Quasi-federal), for presidential and vice-presidential elections 2 Last amended Location, Author(s) and the drafting committee of the Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Supersedes Part of on. The Constitution of India (: Bhāratīya Saṃvidhāna) is the supreme law of. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth., chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy (not, since it was created by a rather than ) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in. Parliament cannot.
It was adopted by the on 26 November 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution replaced the as the country's fundamental governing document, and the became the Republic of India. To ensure, its framers repealed prior acts of the in Article 395. India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as.
The constitution declares India a, assuring its citizens, and, and endeavours to promote. Babasaheb Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian constitution to Constituent Assembly president Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 Most of the was under from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the and when it became effective on 26 January 1950.
India ceased to be a of the and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950. Previous legislation The constitution was drawn from a number of sources. Mindful of India's needs and conditions, its framers borrowed features of previous legislation such as the, the, and, the and, and the. The latter, which led to the creation of India and Pakistan, divided the former Constituent Assembly in two. Each new assembly had sovereign power to draft and enact a new constitution for the separate states.
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Constituent Assembly. Main article: The constitution was drafted by the, which was elected by elected members of the.
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The 389-member assembly (reduced to 299 after the ) took almost three years to draft the constitution holding eleven sessions over a 165-day period. Membership, Sanjay Phakey, Sandipkumar Patel, and were key figures in the assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the. Represented the, and the were represented by H. Modi., a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as, and were members of the assembly. Female members included,.
The first, two-day president of the assembly was; was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Drafting, a who became the first in the and was, was appointed as the assembly's constitutional adviser in 1946. Responsible for the constitution's general structure, Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948. At 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly, committees were proposed.
Rau's draft was considered, debated and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, which was appointed on 29 August 1947 with as chair. A revised draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the assembly on 4 November 1947. While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed off 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635.
Before adopting the constitution, the assembly held eleven sessions in 165 days. On 26 November 1949 it adopted the constitution, which was signed by 284 members. The day is celebrated as National Law Day, or Constitution Day. Signing the constitution The assembly's final session convened on 24 January 1950. Each member signed two copies of the constitution, one in Hindi and the other in English.
The original constitution is hand-written, with each page decorated by artists from including. Its was Prem Behari Narain Raizada. The constitution was published in and by the.
Production of the original constitution took nearly five years. Two days later, on 26 January 1950, it became the law of. The estimated cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 ( ₹63 million).
The constitution has had since it was enacted. The original 1950 constitution is preserved in a -filled case at the in. See also: Amendments Amendments are additions, variations or repeal of any part of the constitution by Parliament.
The procedure is detailed in. An amendment bill must be passed by each house of Parliament by a two-thirds majority of its total membership when at least two-thirds are present and vote. Certain amendments pertaining to the constitution's federal nature must also be ratified by a majority of state legislatures. Unlike ordinary bills in accordance with (except for ), there is no provision for a joint session of the and to pass a constitutional amendment. During a parliamentary recess, the president cannot promulgate under his legislative powers under.
Which can be passed under the legislative powers of parliament were invalidated by in the. By July 2018, 124 amendment bills had been presented in Parliament; of these, 101 became Amendment Acts.
Despite the requirement for amendments to pass, the Indian constitution is the world's most frequently-amended national governing document. The constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many amendments address issues dealt with by statute in other democracies. In 2000, the was formed to examine a constitutional update. The establishes term-based to recommend legal reforms, facilitating the rule of law.
Main article: In, the ruled that an amendment cannot destroy what it seeks to modify; it cannot tinker with the constitution's basic structure or framework, which are immutable. Such an amendment will be declared invalid, although no part of the constitution is protected from amendment; the basic structure doctrine does not protect any one provision of the constitution. According to the doctrine, the constitution's basic features (when 'read as a whole') cannot be abridged or abolished.
These 'basic features' have not been fully defined, and whether a particular provision of the constitution is a 'basic feature' is decided by the courts. The Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala decision laid down the constitution's basic structure:. Supremacy of the constitution. Republican, democratic form of government.
Its secular nature. Separation of powers. Its federal character This implies that Parliament can only amend the constitution to the limit of its basic structure. The Supreme Court or a may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated, after a. This is typical of parliamentary governments, where the judiciary checks parliamentary power. In its 1967 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine.
The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights. The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971. Constitution and judiciary The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution. Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds. The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the constitution) from infringement by any state body, and balances the conflicting exercise of power between the central government and a state (or states). The courts are expected to remain unaffected by pressure exerted by other branches of the state, citizens or interest groups.
An independent judiciary has been held as a basic feature of the constitution, which cannot be changed by the legislature or the executive. Judicial review was adopted by the constitution of India from.
In the Indian constitution, is dealt with in. The constitution is the supreme power of the nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13,. All pre-constitutional laws, if they conflict wholly or in part with the constitution, shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the constitution ends the conflict; the law will again come into force if it is compatible with the constitution as amended (the Doctrine of Eclipse).
Laws made after the adoption of the constitution must be compatible with it, or they will be deemed void. In such situations, the Supreme Court (or a high court) determines if a law is in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency (and where separation is possible), the provision which is inconsistent with the constitution is considered void.
In addition to Article 13, Articles 32, 226 and 227 provide the constitutional basis for judicial review. Due to the adoption of the, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies).
The widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C.
Flexibility According to, 'The Indian constitution is first and foremost a social document, and is aided by its Parts III & IV (Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy, respectively) acting together, as its chief instruments and its conscience, in realising the goals set by it for all the people.' The constitution has deliberately been worded in generalities (not in vague terms) to ensure its flexibility., the fourth, said that a constitution's 'great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.' A document 'intended to endure for ages to come', it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context. The ' guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,; the right to water; the right to earn a livelihood, the right to health, and the right to education.
At the conclusion of his book, Making of India's Constitution, retired Supreme Court of India justice wrote: If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers, no less are we, the people of India, the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions! A constitution is not a parchment of paper, it is a way of life and has to be lived up to. Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis, its only keepers are the people.' Government of India.
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Printable U.S. Constitution and Founding Documents This site offers free, printable versions of the founding documents of our Republic, including the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence, and other rights laid out by America's founders. Carry copies of the entire Constitution as a handy foldable booklet, or refer to one Article or Amendment at a time. From a patriotically illustrated Bill of Rights bookmark to a parchment-look version of the Constitution, you can easily reference the fundamental laws and governing documents of the United States of America. All of the printable documents at this site are free.
One of 1,000 photolithographic reproductions of the Constitution of the Republic of India, original of which is kept in a special helium-filled case in the Library of the Parliament of India. The illustrations represent styles from the different civilizations of the subcontinent, ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro, in the Indus Valley, to the present. The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada. It was illuminated by, and other artists. The name of the calligrapher is signed as Prem at bottom left of the text window on each page; the name of the illustrator is signed at bottom left of each page frame.
This work is the work of Government of India.
Original Constitution Of India
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